rcc pipe manufacturer

Pipe support –  rcc pipe manufacturer

A pipe support or pipe hanger is a designed element that transfers the load from a pipe to the supporting structures. Loads include the proper weight of the pipe, the material carrying the pipe, all pipe fittings attached to the pipe, and the casing of the pipe such as insulation. The four main functions of pipe support are to support anchors, guides, shock absorbers and specified loads. Pipe support may be insulation material used in applications at high or low temperatures. The entire design Structure of the pipe support assembly depends on the loading and operating conditions.

Loads on piping system

Primary Load

These are generally stable or durable types of loads such as internal fluid pressure, external pressure, pipes acting on gravity forces and fluid weights, forces relaxed or thrown down, waves created by the effects of water / steam hammers.

Sustained Loads:

•Internal/external pressure: A pipe used for the transportation of fluid is under the pressure of internal pressure. A jacket pipe core or shell and tube exchanger, etc., may have a net external pressure on a tube-like pipe. Internal or external pressure increases the tension in the axial as well as peripheral (hoop tension) directions. The radial direction also produces pressure, but this is often overlooked. Internal pressure uses an axial force equal to the pressure time of the internal cross-section of the pipe. F = p [^ d ^ 2/4]. When used to calculate the external diameter pressure as well as the approximate metal cross-section as the pipe cross-section, the axial stress can often be calculated as follows: S = PD / (4 T).

•           Deadweight: This is the pipe's own weight, Which contains fluid, the weight of fittings, and other inline components (valves, insulation, etc.).These types of loads work throughout the entire cycle of the pipe. In horizontal pipes, this causes the bending of the load, and the bending moment is normal and the shear stress is related. Pipe bending occurs mainly for two reasons: distributed load weight (e.g., liquid weight) and concentrated weight load (e.g. Valve weight). The weight of the risers (vertical section of pipe) can be supported by riser clamps.

Occasional Loads:

•           Wind Load : The piping, which is located outside and thus approaching the wind, will be designed to withstand the maximum wind speed expected during the operating life of the plant. Wind power is modeled as a uniform load acting on the projected length of the perpendicular to the wind direction. Wind pressure will be used for various upgrades to calculate wind power using the formulas given below. Fw = Pw x S x A, where Fw = The total wind force, Pw = The equivalent wind pressure, S = Wind shape factor, A = Pipe exposed area.

•           Seismic Load: Earthquake load is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering, which means using earthquake-induced agitation to structure. This occurs on the surface of the structure either with the ground or adjacent structure or with Tsunami's gravitational waves.

•           Water Hammer: Water hammer (or liquid liquid hammer) is a pressure rise or surge when force is forced to stop the fluid (usually liquid but sometimes even gas) or to suddenly change direction (change speed).The hammer of water usually occurs when the valve suddenly closes at the end of the pipeline system and a pressure wave is spread across the pipe. It is also called hydraulic shock.

•           Steam hammer : Steam hammers, caused by the sudden stop valve closure, are occasionally considered to increase the pressure generated by the transient flow of super-heated or saturated steam into the steam line. Although the flow is transient, for the purpose of piping stress analysis, only the unbalanced force of the pipe section is calculated and applied to induce pipe vibration on the piping model as a static equivalent force.

•           Safety Valve Discharge : The reaction force from the relief valve discharge is occasionally considered to be a load. After opening the safety relief valve in an open discharge installation, the reaction force due to steady-state flow can be calculated in accordance with ASME B31.1 Appendix II and applied to the piping model as a constant equivalent force.

Secondary Load

Just as the primary loads have their origin in some force, secondary loads are caused by the displacement of some kind. For example, the pipe nozzle attached to the storage tank may be under load if the tank nozzle to which it is connected is going down. Likewise, the pipe connected to the vessel is pulled upward as the vessel nozzle moves upward as the character increases. Also, the vibration in the connected rotating equipment can cause the pipe to vibrate.

Displacement Loads:

•           The load due to the thermal expansion of the pipe

•           Load due to thermal movement of the equipment

Pipe expansion or contraction can occur at higher or lower temperatures, respectively, compared to the bled temperature once assembled. Secondary loads are often periodic, but not always. For example, the load caused by a tank settlement is not cyclical. The load due to the movement of the vessel nozzle during operation is cyclic because the displacement is withdrawn during shut-down and the new start-up resumes afterward. The pipe connected to the cycle of hot and cold fluid undergoes similar cyclic loads and deformation.

Types of pipe supports

•           Rigid Support

•           Spring Support

•           Snubber/Shock Absorber

Rigid Support

Rigid supports are used to restrict a pipe in a particular direction (in that direction) without flexibility. The main function of rigid support is anchor, rest, guide or both rest and guide.

1) Stanchion/Pipe Shoe:

Rigid support can be provided from below or above. In the case of bottom support, a post or pipe clamp base is generally used. Only rest-type supports can be easily held in steel construction. To constrain in different directions at the same time, different plates or lift lugs can be used. Pipe anchors are rigid supports that restrict movement in all three orthogonal directions and all three rotational directions, that is, restrict all six degrees of freedom. This is usually a welded post that is welded or bolted to steel or concrete. For anchors that are bolted to concrete, a special type of bolt is needed, called an anchor bolt, which is used to hold the support in concrete. Normal and frictional forces can be important for this type of support. Graphite pads or PTFE plates are used as needed to reduce friction effects.

2) Rod Hanger:

This is a static constraint. In other words, it is designed to withstand only tensile loads (do not apply compressive loads, in which case buckling can occur). Rigid vertical support provided only from above. Consists of clamps, eye nuts, tie rods, and beam attachments. The choice of rod hanger depends on the pipe size, load, temperature, insulation, length of assembly, etc.Large friction force is not generated because the hinge and clamp are included.

3) Rigid Strut:

This is a dynamic component designed to withstand both tensile and compression loads. The strut can be provided in vertical as well as horizontal directions. The V-type strut can be used to restrict 2 degrees of freedom. It consists of rigid rigid, rigid strut, welding clevis. The choice depends on pipe size, load, temperature, insulation, and assembly length. When it comes to hinges and clutches, no braking force works.

Spring Support

Spring Assist (or Flexible Assist) uses a helical coil compression spring (to adjust the associated pipe movement due to loading and thermal increase). They can be broadly categorized into variable effort support and constant effort support. An important component of either type of support is the helical coil compression spring. Spring hangers and supports usually use helical coil compression springs. Springs are manufactured by either a cold coiling process (if the wire diameter is less than 12 mm) or a hot coiling process. Springs are classified into "light" and "heavy". Light springs are usually cold formed. Heavy springs are manufactured by a hot coiling process.

Springs are designed using the formulae :- Spring Rate ( K ) = (d^4 x G)/8 x (Dm)^3 x Wc Where: d = Wire Dia in mm, Dm= Mean Diameter of Spring Coil, Wc= Total no of working coils, K = Spring rate or Spring Constant in Kg/mm, G = Modulus of Rigidity normally 80,000 N/mm2 8154.9 kg/ mm2.

1.Variable Spring Hanger or Variable Effort Support:

Variable approach known as variable hanger or Variables are used to support medium pipeline(up to 50 mm) vertical heat transfer. VES units (supports variable effort) are used to support the weight of pipes or appliances as well as fluid loads (gases are considered weightless) when used in relation to supporting structures. Movements are allowed in quantities. Spring support can also be used to support lines that are subject to relative movement that is usually due to erosions or earthquakes. A VES unit is quite easy to construct with a pipe actually suspended directly from a helical coil compressed spring as the cutting sectional sketch shows below. The main components are:

1.         Top Plate

2.         Pressure plate or Piston Plate

3.         Bottom plate or base plate

4.         Helical Spring

5.         Turnbuckle assembly

6.         Locking Rods

7.         Name Plate

8.         Can section or cover

Typically, the client / engineering consultant will provide the following data when issuing a variable effort unit inquiry:

1.         Hot Load

2.         Thermal Movement (with direction i.e. up or + & down or -)

3.         Maximum Load variation in Percentage (LV % max), if Max LV is not specified then it is assumed to be 25% as per MM-SP58.

4.         Type of Support i.e. whether hanging type, foot mounted type etc.

5.         Special features such as travel limit stop required if any.

6.         Preferred surface protection / Paint / Finish.

The hot load is the working weight of the auxiliary equipment when the pipe moves from a "hot" position, ie a cold condition to a hot or working position. Generally, MSS-SP 58 represents 25% maximum load conversion (commonly called LV).

Salient Features-

•           Allows movement in vertical direction

•           Load on pipe varies with movement

Used where

•           Displacement < 50mm

•           Load variability < 25%

•           Rod angulation should be less than 4°

Load Variation (LV) or Percentage variation =[(Hot Load ~Cold Load) x 100]/Hot Load or Load Variation (LV) or Percentage variation =[(Travel x Spring Rate) x 100]/Hot Load Generally spring supports are provided from top but due to layout feasibility or any other reason Base Mounted type support is fixed to floor or structure & the pipe is made to “sit” on top of the flange of the spring support.

2.Constant Spring Hanger or Constant Effort Support:

When facing large vertical movements, typically 150 mm or 250 mm, you have to choose constant effort support (CES). If the load regulation exceeds 25% or the maximum LV% specified on the variable hanger, you have to choose CES. It is common practice to use CES for pipes that are critical to the performance of the system, or so-called critical pipes, where residual stresses are not transmitted to the pipe. With constant effort support, the load remains constant as the pipe moves from the cold position to the hot position. Therefore, regardless of the movement, the load remains constant over the entire range of the movement. hence, it is called a constant load hanger. Hot and cold loads are two different values ​​that are controlled by travel and spring constant, as compared to a variable load hanger where the load changes with movement. CES units do not have a spring rate.

The most common operating principle of CSH is the bell crank mechanism. The bell crank lever rotates around the fulcrum. One end of the bell crank lever is connected to a pipe "P", and the other end is connected to a spring by a tie rod. Thus when the pipe moves down from cold to hot condition, the point P moves down, and as it moves down the Bellcrank lever will rotate in the anti-clockwise The direction connected to the spring and the tie rod are retracted, further compressing the spring. As the pipe moves up, the bell crank lever rotates (clockwise) and the tie rods connected to the spring are pushed out, causing the spring to expand or relax.

Another popular principle is three spring or adjusting spring mechanism. In this case, one main vertical spring occupies the main load of the pipe. The other two springs are arranged horizontally to balance the additional load applied upward or downward.

Slobber or Shock Absorber

Dynamic Restraints: The restraint system performs a completely different function than the function of the support. The latter is intended to support the weight of the plumbing work and allow it to move freely under normal operating conditions. Restraint systems are intended to protect plumbers, plants and structures from abnormal conditions. It must not interfere with the support function. Conditions that require the use of restraints are: • Earthquake. • Fluid obstruction. • Certain system functions. • Environmental impact. In areas located on or near geological fault lines, it is common to protect plants from potential seismic activity. Such plants have very high requirements for dynamic constraints. Fluid turbulence can be caused by the effects of pumps and compressors, and can also flow in liquid form into pipes intended for transporting gases and vapors.Some system functions, such as rapid valve closure, pumping pulsations, and operation of safety relief valves, can cause random and sudden load patterns in the piping system. The environment can be disturbed by high wind loads or, in the case of oil and gas rigs on the sea floor, by the effects of ocean waves. The restraint system is designed to address all these effects. A restraint is a device that prevents any plumbing or plumbing connected plant from occurring and being damaged one or more of the above phenomenon. It is designed to absorb sudden load increases and transfer it from the pipe to the structure of the building, suppressing opposing vibrations between the pipe and the structure. Therefore, dynamic constraints must be very stiff, have a high load capacity, and minimize free movement between pipes and structures.

Depending on the operating principle, snubbers can be categorized as follows:

Hydraulic Snubber: Like a car shock arrester, a hydraulic snubber is built around a cylinder containing hydraulic fluid with a piston that moves fluid from one end of the cylinder to the other. Fluid displacement results from pipe movement that causes the piston to displace in the cylinder, resulting in one end of the cylinder being high pressure and the other end being relatively low pressure. The speed of the piston determines the actual pressure difference. Fluid passes through a spring-loaded valve, and a spring is used to keep the valve open. When the differential pressure across the valve exceeds the effective pressure applied by the spring, the valve closes.This stiffens the snubber and effectively prevents further displacement. Hydraulic snubbers are typically used when the axis of the axis is in the direction of expansion or contraction of the pipe.Therefore, the snubber must expand and contract in the normal operation of plumbing work. Snubbers have low resistance to movement at very low speeds.

• Mechanical Snubber: Even though the application is similar to the hydraulic snubber, the pipe slowing is due to centrifugal breaking in the snubber. A split flywheel is made to rotate the steel ball radially outward, for a faster speed. The axial displacement of the snobber can be prevented by breaking the steel plates together with the steel balls. Linear displacement of the main rod acting on the ball-screw or similar device creates rotation of the flywheel. It is also very expensive.
• •           A shock absorber suddenly absorbs the energy of impulses or destroys energy from the pipeline. For crossings and dashpots, see Shock Absorbent
• •           An insulated pipe support (also known as pre-insulated pipe support) is a load-bearing member and reduces power dissipation. Insulated pipe support can be designed for vertical, axial and / or lateral loading combinations in low and high temperature applications. Adequate insulation of the pipeline increases the efficiency of the piping system. For insulated pipes without "cold" discharge in the interior environment, see Insulated Pipe.
• Engineered spring supports support specific loads, such as the weight of pipes, commodities, flanges, valves, refractories, and insulation. Spring supports You also allow the supported load to travel from its installed state to its operating position through a predetermined thermal deflection cycle.

Culvert

A drain could be a Composition that permits water to flow underneath a road, railroad, trail, or similar Obstacle from one facet to the opposite. Usually embedded in order that it's encircled by clay, a bridge will be made up of pipes, concrete or different materials. within the uk, the word also can be used for a extended unnaturally buried watercourse Culverts square measure usually used each as cross-drains to alleviate evacuation of Pits at the margin, and to relieve oneself underneath a road at natural evacuation and stream crossings. A drain is also a bridge-like structure designed to permit vehicle or foot traffic to cross over the waterway whereas permitting adequate passage for the water. In Sweden they existed even throughout constellation gatherer ages as has been evidenced by science and proof Culverts are available in several sizes and shapes together with spherical, elliptical, flat-bottomed, open-bottomed, pear-shaped, and box-like constructions. The drain kind and form choice is predicated on variety of things together with needs for hydraulic performance, limitations on upstream water surface elevation, and route ridge height. The process of removing culverts to revive associate degree out-of-door watercourse is understood as day lighting. In the UK, the apply is additionally referred to as deculverting .

Materials

Culverts material made of cast-in-place or made of concrete (reinforced or non-reinforced), galvanized steel, al aluminium or plastic (usually high-density polyethylene). 2 or a lot of materials is also combined to make composite structures. as an example, open-bottom furrowed steel structures area unit typically designed on concrete footings.

Design and engineering

Construction or installation at a drain web site typically ends up in disturbance of the site's soil, stream banks, or stream bed, and may lead to the incidence of unwanted issues like scour holes or slumping of banks adjacent to the drain structure. Culverts should be properly sized and put in, and guarded from erosion and scour. Many U.S. agencies like the Federal main road Administration, Bureau of Land Management, and Environmental Protection Agency still as state or native authorities, need that culverts be designed and designed to fulfill specific federal, state, or native laws and pointers to confirm correct perform and to safeguard against drain failures. Culverts area unit classified by standards for his or her load capacities, water flow capacities, life spans, and installation necessities for bedding and backfill. Most agencies adhere to those standards once coming up with, engineering, and specifying culverts.

Failures

Culvert failures will occur for a good type of reasons as well as maintenance, environmental, and installation-related failures, practical or method failures associated with capability and volume inflicting the erosion of the soil around or beneath them, and structural or material failures that cause culverts to fail thanks to collapse or corrosion of the materials from that they're created If the failure is abrupt and harmful, it may end up in injury or loss of life. abrupt road collapses area unit typically the results of poorly styleed and designed waste pipe crossing sites or sudden changes within the encompassing surroundings cause design parameters to be exceeded. Water passing through undersize culverts can scour away the encompassing soil over time. this may cause a abrupt failure throughout medium-sized rain events. Accidents from waste pipe failure can even occur if a waste pipe has not been adequately sized and a flood event overwhelms the waste pipe, or disrupts the road or railway higher than it. Ongoing waste pipe operate while not failure depends on correct style and engineering issues being given to load, hydraulic flow, encompassing soil analysis, backfill and bedding compaction, and erosion protection. Improperly designed backfill support around culverts may end up in material collapse or failure from inadequate load support. For existing culverts that have old degradation, loss of structural integrity or got to meet new codes or standards, rehabilitation employing a reline pipe could also be most well-liked versus replacement. size of a reline waste pipe uses a similar hydraulic flow standard as that of a brand new waste pipe but because the reline waste pipe is supposed to be inserted into associate degree existing waste pipe or host pipe, reline installation needs the grouting of the doughnut-shaped area between the host pipe and also the surface of reline pipe (typically employing a low compression strength grout) thus on stop or scale back flow and soil migration. Grouting conjointly is a method in establishing a structural association between the liner, host pipe and soil. counting on the dimensions and doughnut-shaped area to be stuffed similarly because the pipe elevation between the recess and outlet, grouting perhaps needed to be performed in multiple stages or "lifts". If multiple lifts area unit needed, then a grouting arrange is needed that defines the location of grout feed tubes, air tubes, variety of grout to be used and if injecting or pumping grout then the desired developed pressure for injection. because the diameter of the reline pipe are going to be smaller than the host pipe, the cross-sectional flow space are going to be smaller. By choosing a reline pipe with a really sleek internal surface, with associate degree approximate Hazen-Williams Friction issue, C, price of between 140–150, the ablated flow space is offset and hydraulic flow rates probably enlarged by method of reduced surface flow resistance. samples of pipe materials with high C-factors area unit high-density polythene (150) and vinyl polymer (140).

Minimum energy loss culverts

In the coastal plains of Australian state, Australia, torrential rains throughout the wet season place an important demand on culverts. The natural slope of the flood plains is commonly terribly little, and small fall (or head loss) is permissible within the culverts. experimenter developed and proprietary the planning procedure of minimum energy loss culverts that yield little afflux. A minimum energy loss drainpipe or waterway could be a structure designed with the thought of minimum head loss. The flow within the approach channel is contractile through a efficient body of water into the barrel wherever the channel breadth is minimum, and so it's enlarged during a efficient outlet before being finally free into the downstream natural channel. each the body of water and outlet should be efficient to avoid important kind losses. The barrel invert is commonly lowered to extend the discharge capability. The thought of minimum energy loss culverts was developed by a shire engineer in Victoria and a academician at the University of Australian state throughout the late Nineteen Sixties. whereas variety of small-size structures were designed and in-built Victoria, some major structures were designed, tested and in-built south-east Australian state.

RCC JACKING PIPE

·         Pipe jacking is the oldest method of trench reduction technology.

·         Powerful pipes are pushed to the ground behind the shield using powerful shields.

·         simultaneous excavation was under the shield.

·         That process is continued until the pipe line is completed.

·         Due to the excavation of the tunnel, this method provides a flexible, structured, waterproof, ready pipeline.

·         trust the wall is provided for the reaction of the jacks.

BRIEF  HISTORY

•             First mentioned in 1990, USA  by Richardson & Mayo .

•             In 1960 s , used in UK and APJA ( American Pipe Jacking Association  ) is formed .

•             In 1970 s , process is industrialized in JAPAN.

•             In 1980 s , developed in Europe .

                                (i) 1800 mm Dia trench less pipe is laid for 460 m in London 1982.

                               (ii) 560 m in water bearing  sand and graval , byels , 1983.

•             Komostu  introduced first fully automated machine  in 1975 - IRONMOL .

•             Today, pipe jacking runs remotely.

INDIAN HISTORY

•             First project is 3.5 Km in 1998, Mumbai.

•             In Cuttack 10 Km is constructed for sewer using trench less method.

•             other projects of less than 8 Km is completed in Goa , Hyderabad ,Kolkata , Delhi , Assam                   etc.

•             A total  of around 100  Km in build so far using trench less method so far.

ONGOING PROJECTS

•             55.1 Km  of interceptor sewer along  3 major drains for  reduction of pollution in Yamuna at                                                     New Delhi.

   SPECIFIC FEATURES

•             simple cyclic procedure.

•             utilized thrust from hydraulic jacks to force the pipe forward

•             person have to enter  in the pipe excavation

•             excavation can be operate manual or by machine

•             practically limit to Dia . greater than or equal to 1075 mm

•             pipe installation process occurs from front entryway and exit shaft.

 JACKING PIPE FORCED

•             forced on the jacking pipe  includes :

                                 (i) pipe dead weight

                                (ii) penetration resistance or face pressure

                                (iii) soil pipe friction

•             other forces likes :

                                (i) curvature forces

                                (ii) soil dead load .

                               (iii)railway or highway live load

•             jacking force  must  not exceed allowable pipe compression strength.

 Application

•             max diameter pipe ( 1050 mm and up ).

•             lengths can range from 30 to over 200 m.

•             sewer and drainage construction.

•             gas and water mains .

•             oil pipelines .

•             industrial pipelines .

•             telecommunication.

•             pedestrian subway ( access tunnels).

EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENT

•             JACKING PIT      

•             JACK

•             PIPE

•             THRUST RING

•             THRUST WALL

•             LUBRICANT

•             INTERMEDIATE JACK

•             CUTTING HEAD

•             PRESSURE TRANSFER RING ETC.

ADVANTAGES

•             it avoids the excavation or tranches.

•             quick set-up ,timely   finish of projects.

•             good quality control and good grade of pipe used .

•             can be remotely operated.

•             versatile in various ground conditions.

•             cost efficient for large length pipe .

•             small surface settlements.

•             reduced disruption or existing services.

•             environment  friendly.

•             less spoil.

DISADVANTAGES

•             Costly small lengths

•             skilled person is required .

•             Dewatering  of tunnel  path is usually required.

•             not feasible for nature of soil changes drastically  .       

         

What are RCC Pipes

Reinforced concrete (RCC) pipes are manufactured by the centrifugal spinning process in which mechanical mixers are used to reinforce the cage and the reinforcing cage to the barrel of pipes. Reinforcement cages for precast concrete pipes consist of spiral or circular rings and struts of soft steel wire. Reinforcement cages are placed symmetrically with respect to the wall thickness of the RCC pipe. By combining the centrifugal force and vibration to spin pipes horizontally, the compaction of concrete is achieved in these precast concrete pipes.

BRHC reinforced concrete pipes are available in internal diameters ranging from 150 mm dia to 900 mm dia. BRHC manufacture  non-pressure RCC span pipes in the RCC pipe NP2 class, RCC pipe NP3 class and RCC pipe NP4 class. These rcc Hume pipes are applied for following systems:

·         Concrete pipes in Culverts system

·         Concrete pipes in Storm Sewers system 

·         Concrete pipes in Sanitary Sewers system 

·         Concrete pipes in Low Pressure Pipelines system 

·         Concrete pipes in Storm-water Detention Systems 

·         Concrete Pipes in Jacked or Tunneled Systems

 ISI Marked RCC Pipes

As per Indian Standards IS 458 issued by Bureau of Indian Standards in the year 2003, the conditions where Non-Pressure NP2 Class Concrete Pipes can be normally used are in Drainage and irrigation, cross drains / light traffic flow cushions

As per Indian Standards IS 458 issued by Bureau of Indian Standards in the year 2003, the conditions where Non-Pressure NP3 Class Concrete Pipes can be normally used are in Drainage and irrigation, cross drains / light traffic flow cushions

 As per Indian Standards IS 458 issued by Bureau of Indian Standards in the year 2003, the conditions where Non-Pressure NP4 Class Concrete Pipes can be normally used are in Drainage and irrigation, cross drains / light traffic flow cushions

RCC JACKING PIPE

Pipe ramming (also called pipe jacking) is a groove less method for attaching steel pipes and casings.. Distances of 30 m (150 feet) or more and over 1,500 mm (60 inches)Although diameter is common, this method can be used for much longer and larger installations. 

This method helps in the installation of pipes and casings under railway lines and roads where other groove less methods can cause land subsidence or uplift. This method can be used for vertical installations, but most installations are horizontal installations.

                                 

The main difference between the pipe ramming method and the pipe jacking method is that the pipe ramming uses a percussion and does not have a navigation system, whereas the pipe jacking uses a hydraulic jack and has an active navigation system. The pipe ramming method is good for short distances and applications that do not require very tight directional control, such as cable installations.

The method uses pneumatic percussive wind to drive pipes to the ground. The leading edge of the pipe is almost always open and is usually closed only when small pipes are installed. 

The shape allows a small overcut (to reduce friction between the pipe and the soil and improve the load position on the pipe) and directs the soil to the inside of the pipe instead of compacting it out of the pipe. These objectives are usually achieved by connecting the pipe to a soil break or special band.

Further reduction of friction is usually achieved by lubrication, and various types of bentonite and / or polymers can be used for this purpose (such as horizontal boring). After placing the entire pipe it is possible to remove the impure from the pipe (small installation).

 If the pipe containing the spoil becomes too heavy before the installation is complete, the ramming can be interrupted and the pipe cleaned (longer installations).Spills can be removed by auger, compressed air or water jetting.

Recent research on ventilated pipe ramming installations has allowed the development of pipe ramming-specific models for dynamic model parameters to simulate stable soil resistance and the drive ability of rammed pipes. This procedure can be used to estimate the feasibility of pipe ramming installations.

Pipe jacking

The pipe jacking method is based on the principle of driving the launch (or reception) from the launch shaft towards the shaft.

The alignment is controlled by a laser beam from the launching shaft, which guides the machine through the axis of the tunnel. The laser is a basic control device and it works with an inclinometer and a gyroscope. The laser beam is directed at the top of the machine cutter, and its location is controlled in real time by the surface navigation system.

How does pipe jacking work?

Pipe jacking method involves the installing of a pipe (prefabricated) through the ground. ... During the implementation of the process, the hydraulic jack makes use of thrust power to move the pipe forward into the ground. The force of the jacks are retracted after installation of each pipe.